Financial Hardship and Psychological Distress During the Pandemic: A Nationally Representative Survey of Major Racial-Ethnic Groups in the United States
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alhomsi2023 - p. 396
We used the COVID-19’s Unequal Racial Burden (CURB) survey, an online survey administered by YouGov, which uses a proprietary, opt-in survey panel comprising over 1.8 million U.S. residents, to conduct nationally representative online surveys.
alhomsi2023 - p. 397
Anxiety-depression symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression and Anxiety (PHQ-4), which asks about being bothered by feeling nervous/anxious, not able to control worrying, little interest or pleasure, and feeling depressed or hopeless in the past 2 weeks.
alhomsi2023 - p. 397
Perceived stress was measured using the six negatively worded questions from the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10), which ask about stress over the past month.
alhomsi2023 - p. 397
Loneliness-isolation was measured using a new, single question framed similar to the PSS-10 questions: ‘‘In the past month, how often have you felt lonely and isolated?’’
alhomsi2023 - p. 397
Participants were also asked twelve questions relating to economic and financial hardship during the pandemic
alhomsi2023 - p. 397
Participants were asked if there was a time during the pandemic when they did not have enough money to meet daily needs, pay monthly bills, pay for health care they needed, pay for medications, and pay rent, mortgage, or other housing costs These questions were then categorized into six domains: (1) lost income, (2) debt, (3) unmet expenses (general), (4) unmet health care expenses, (5) housing insecurity), and (6) food insecurity.
Note: AA
alhomsi2023 - p. 397
Cochran-Armitage trend tests were used to compare the prevalence of psychological distress (anxietydepression symptoms, perceived stress, and lonelinessisolation) across financial hardship severity during the pandemic and specific financial hardship domains.