Economic Hardship, Parenting, and Distress in Adolescence
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lempers1989 - p. 26
ore important, given the focus of the present study, there is evidence that relationship variables serve to mediate the effects of economic hardship and other stressors on physical and psychological distress (Pearlin & Schooler,
lempers1989 - p. 27
he stress variable of interest is family economic hardship as assessed by the Economic Hardship Questionnaire and its 12 items (see Appendix A). Drawn from the Iowa Farm and Rural Life Poll (Lasley, 1984), these items focused on changes in the family’s style of living. Cronbach’s alpha for the total sample equaled 0.86 and ranged from 0.82 to 0.87 for the different subgroups (males, females; ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth graders; farm and nonfarm adolescents).
lempers1989 - p. 28
Hodges and Siegel (1985) have provided evidence that the BDI can be used validly with adolescents. The response format, however, was changed so as to be identical to the response formats of the other questionnaires used. Cronbach’s alpha for the scale was 0.91 for the total sample and was 0.91 or above for the various subgroups
lempers1989 - p. 29
In the factor analysis of the responses on the Economic Hardship Questionnaire, one factor was retained by the mineigen criterion. This factor accounted for 34.75% of the variance; all items loaded on this factor, with the loadings ranging from 0.35 to 0.69.
lempers1989 - p. 31
Economic hardship directly increases depression and loneliness and also contributes indirectly to depression and loneliness by increasing inconsistent, rejection-oriented discipline and by decreasing parental nurturance
lempers1989 - p. 31
Economic hardship led to more distress by increasing inconsistent, rejection-oriented discipline