Economic Stressors
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probst2005 - p. 267
The concept of economic stress gained prominence in the 1980s and was the focus of a series of theoretical and empirical articles and books by sociologist Patricia Voydanoff
Note: Na verdade, ela define economic DISTRESS
probst2005 - p. 268
According to Voydanoff (1990), economic stress refers to aspects of economic life that are potential stressors for employees and their families and consists of both objective and subjective components reflecting the employment and income dimensions of the worker-earner role.
probst2005 - p. 273
The predictors of economic stress at work can be summarized in four categories: organizational change characteristics, worker characteristics, employment characteristics, and economic factors.
probst2005 - p. 273
Organizational change characteristics. Formal announcement of layoffs, an upcoming merger or acquisition, organizational restructuring, and/or downsizing are all potential organizational change characteristics that may increase employee job insecurity and lead to job loss or underemployment (Ashford et al., 1989; Probst, 2003b, 2002a; Roskies and Louis-Guerin, 1990)
probst2005 - p. 274
An additional antecedent of economic stress may be related to changing organizational technology. A change in the technological systems of an organization can have a profound effect on the security of those positions experiencing the technology change
probst2005 - p. 274
Worker characteristics. Worker characteristics refers to a variety of individual differences variables that increase an individual’s susceptibility to being laid off, perceiving their job is insecure, or being underemployed. These variables include the employee gender and race, absenteeism rates, grievance filing, organizational tenure, career history, and education level.
probst2005 - p. 276
Employment characteristics. Employment characteristics refer to the contractual relationship that an employee has with his or her organization. This includes whether the worker is employed on a temporary or contingent basis versus a permanent one; whether the worker is employed part-time versus full-time; and whether the job falls under union jurisdiction.
probst2005 - p. 277
Economic factors. Economic factors are the last set of antecedents of economic stress. Clearly, when the state of the economy is poor, rates of unemployment increase. As the state of the economy worsens, the likelihood of underemployment also increases due to low levels of job creation and a scarcity of highwage job
probst2005 - p. 278
ndividual outcomes. Numerous empirical studies have documented the negative impact that unemployment, underemployment, and job insecurity can have on the psychological and physical health of the affected individual. Unemployment has been found to be one of the top 10 traumatic life experiences (Spera, Buhrfeind, & Pennebaker, 1994) here are multiple negative physical health effects as well to being unemployed. Unemployed individuals suffer from more headaches, stomach aches, sleep problems, lack of energy, and death from stroke, heart, and kidney disease than individuals who are employed. Although the research on the psychological and physical health effects of underemployment is not as extensive, it does suggest that underemployment takes its toll on affected employees. With respect to job insecurity, research from as early as the 1970s suggests that this economic stressor can have a detrimental effect on employee health outcomes.
probst2005 - p. 279
Family and social outcomes. In addition to affecting the workers themselves, the phenomena of unemployment, underemployment, and job insecurity have grave implications for the families of affected employees and greater society. Research on unemployment has documented increases in spousal abuse, marital stress and dissolution, wife battering, and spousal depression and psychiatric disorders (Hanisch, 1999). At the same time, decreases in spousal well-being and spousal contact with friends have also been reported (Hanisch, 1999).
probst2005 - p. 280
Job-related outcomes. Extensive research has been conducted on the jobrelated outcomes associated with underemployment and job insecurity. A recent meta-analysis by Sverke, Hellgren, and Näswall (2002) summarizing the effects of job insecurity reported that insecure employees experience decreased job satisfaction (e.g., Ashford et al., 1989; Davy, Kinicki, & Scheck, 1991; Grunberg, Moore, & Greenberg, 1998), are less involved in their jobs (Kuhnert & Palmer, 1991), are less committed to the organization and more likely to quit their jobs place less trust in management (e.g., Ashford et al., 1989), and have lower levels of performance than workers with more job security (e.g., Abramis, 1994).
probst2005 - p. 281
Individual differences moderators. Several characteristics that vary individually have been shown to moderate the effects of economic stress.
probst2005 - p. 282
Self-efficacy for adapting to organizational change has also been found to moderate the effects of job insecurity on employee outcomes (Probst, 2001).
probst2005 - p. 282
Another variable that has been theorized to buffer the effects of job insecurity on employee outcomes is emotional intelligence. Jordan, Ashkanasy, and Hartel (2002) argue that because emotional intelligence regulates the way in which individuals manage emotions, it will moderate the effects of job insecurity on emotional reactions and behaviors.
Note: Faz sentido, considerando a esfera afetiva do estresse
probst2005 - p. 283
Organizational level moderators. One of the major sources of stress during times of organizational change is the uncertainty associated with such change. Whether an organization is restructuring, merging with another organization, or downsizing, research has shown that employees face great job insecurity during those periods.