file nametitleyeardesigncountriessamplesizeunitstheoriesscales
@elder1988Economic Stress in Lives: Developmental Perspectives1988cross-sectionalUSA381children, adults, householdsFamily systems theory
@lempers1989Economic Hardship, Parenting, and Distress in Adolescence1989cross-sectionalUSA622highschool students, adolescentsStress process theoryEHQ, BDI
@porter1990Testing a Model of Financial Well-Being1990cross-sectionalUSA466adultsPASTINDX
@voydanoff1990Economic Distress and Family Relations: A Review of the Eighties1990theoretical discussionprimary studiesStress process theory, Family systems theory
@takeuchi1991Economic Stress in the Family and Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Problems1991retrospective cohortUSA1377childrenCognitive-transactional stress theory, Stress process theory
@peirce1996Financial stress, social support, and alcohol involvement: A longitudinal test of the buffering hypothesis in a general population survey.1996prospective cohortUSA1040householdsStress process theory
@aldana1998Validity And Reliability Of A Financial Strain Survey1998cross-sectionalUSA153adults, employedStress process theoryFSS
@bailey1998The Relationship of Financial Stress to Overall Stress and Satisfaction1998cross-sectionalUSA187mental health professionalsCSP
@joo1998Personal Financial Wellness and Worker Job Productivity1998cross-sectionalUSA271adults, employedStress process theory, Double ABCX theory, Life-cycle theory of saving
@krause1998Financial Strain, Received Support, Anticipated Support, and Depressive Symptoms in the People’s Republic of China1998China2749adultsCES-D, FSESM
@weich1998Poverty, unemployment, and common mental disorders: population based cohort study1998prospective cohortUnited Kingdom7726adults
@bray2001Hardship in Australia: An Analysis of Financial Stress Indicators in the 1998-99 Australian Bureau of Statistics Household Expenditure Survey2001cross-sectionalUSA6889householdsABSFSS
@davis2004The Consequences of Financial Stress for Individuals, Families, and Society2004
@oneill2006Financially Distressed Consumers: Their Financial Practices, Financial Well-being, and Health2005cross-sectionalUSA3121adults, adolescents
@probst2005Economic Stressors2005theoretical discussionprimary studiesSelf-efficacy theory
@illing2006Measuring financial stress in a developed country: An application to Canada2006Canada
@kahn2006Financial Strain over the Life Course and Health among Older Adults2006retrospective cohortUSA1167adults, elderlyAllostatic load theory, Stress process theory
@kim2006Relationship between Financial Stress and Workplace Absenteeism of Credit Counseling Clients2006cross-sectionalUSA2372adults, employed
@prawitz2006Incharge Financial Distress/Financial Well-Being Scale: Development, Administration, and Score Interpretation.2006cross-sectionalUSA1300adultsIFDFW
@siahpush2007Association of Smoking Cessation With Financial Stress and Material Well-Being: Results From a Prospective Study of a Population-Based National Survey2007prospective cohortAustralia5699adults
@yates2007Housing affordability and financial stress: National Research Venture 3 : housing affordability for lower income Australians2007cross-sectionalAustralia6214households, adultsFamily systems theory
@balakrishnan2009The Transmission of Financial Stress From Advanced to Emerging Economies2009Argentina, Brazil, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Republic, Egypt, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Israel, Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Russia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Turkey
@butterworth2009Financial hardship, socio-economic position and depression: Results from the PATH Through Life Survey2009retrospective cohortAustralia6715adultsGDS, SF-12
@hakkio2009Financial stress: what is it, how can it be measured, and why does it matter?2009USAKnightian Uncertainty Theory
@starrin2009Financial Stress, Shaming Experiences and Psychosocial Ill-Health: Studies into the Finances-Shame Model2009cross-sectionalSweden5666adultsGHQ-12
@bradshaw2010Financial hardship and psychological distress: Exploring the buffering effects of religion2010cross-sectionalUSA1140adultsEquity theory, Self-determination theory, Stress process theory
@northern2010The Development, Evaluation, and Validation of a Financial Stress Scale for Undergraduate Students2010cross-sectionalUSA177undergraduate students, adultsDSS, SF-36, MILQ, FSS-CV
@sinclair2010A Multilevel Model of Economic Stress and Employee Well‐Being2010theoretical discussionStress process theory
@szanton2010Life-course financial strain and health in African–Americans2010cross-sectionalUSA699adults, African americans, childrenCumulative disadvantage theoryTICS, CES-D
@cardarelli2011Financial stress and economic contractions2011Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USAFinancial Accelerator Theory
@selenko2011Beyond debt. A moderator analysis of the relationship between perceived financial strain and mental health2011cross-sectionalAustria106adults
@hollo2012CISS - A Composite Indicator of Systemic Stress in the Financial System2012EUModern Portfolio Theory, Financial Accelerator Theory
@shapiro2012Measuring financial anxiety.2012cross-sectionalUnited Kingdom112adults, householdsSTAI, CES-D, FAS
@archuleta2013College Students and Financial Distress: Exploring Debt, Financial Satisfaction, and Financial Anxiety2013cross-sectionalUSA180adults, undergraduate studentsFAS-CV
@marjanovic2013Psychometric evaluation of the Financial Threat Scale (FTS) in the context of the great recession.2013cross-sectionalUSA480undergraduate students, adultsCognitive-transactional stress theoryFTS, BSI, GHQ-12, P-TMD, EHQ, FWBS, ICS, PSWQ, RRS, GSE
@zafar2013The Financial Toxicity of Cancer Treatment: A Pilot Study Assessing Out-of-Pocket Expenses and the Insured Cancer Patient’s Experience2013prospective cohortUSA258adults, cancer
@aslund2014The buffering effect of tangible social support on financial stress: influence on psychological well-being and psychosomatic symptoms in a large sample of the adult general population2014cross-sectionalSweden84263adultsGHQ-12
@brown2014The existence and persistence of household financial hardship: A Bayesian multivariate dynamic logit framework2014retrospective cohortUnited Kingdom123432households, adults
@desouza2014The development of a financial toxicity patient‐reported outcome in cancer: The COST measure2014cross-sectionalUSA155cancer, adultsCOST
@heckman2014Factors Related to Financial Stress among College Students2014cross-sectionalUSA4488undergraduate students, adultsSelf-efficacy theory
@hughes2014How Racial Identity Moderates the Impact of Financial Stress on Mental Health among African Americans2014cross-sectionalUSA3571adults, African americansCognitive-transactional stress theoryCES-D, RSE, MS
@lim2014Financial Stress, Self-Efficacy, and Financial Help-Seeking Behavior of College Students2014cross-sectionalUSA4713adults, undergraduate studentsCognitive-transactional stress theory, Self-efficacy theory
@serido2014The Associations of Financial Stress and Parenting Support Factors with Alcohol Behaviors During Young Adulthood2014retrospective cohortUSA7159adolescents, adultsCognitive-transactional stress theory
@wei2014The Relationships Between Family Financial Stress, Mental Health Problems, Child Rearing Practice, and School Involvement Among Taiwanese Parents with School-Aged Children2014cross-sectionalTaiwan431adults, caregivers, householdsSimple ABCX theoryBSRS
@drentea2015Where Does Debt Fit in the Stress Process Model?2015cross-sectionalUSA1463householdsStress process theoryCES-D
@grable2015Financial Anxiety, Physiological Arousal, and Planning Intention2015cross-sectionalUSA20adultsFAS-CV
@huotari2015Measuring Financial Stress A Country Specific Stress Index for Finland2015
@johar2015Thinking about financial deprivation: Rumination and decision making among the poor2015cross-sectionalUSA194530437adults, employedCognitive-transactional stress theory
@montpetit2015FINANCIAL STRESS, NEIGHBORHOOD STRESS, AND WELL‐BEING: MEDIATIONAL AND MODERATIONAL MODELS2015cross-sectionalUSA855adultsEcological systems theory, Cognitive-transactional stress theory
@nazlioglu2015Oil prices and financial stress: A volatility spillover analysis2015USA
@oet2015The Financial Stress Index: Identification of Systemic Risk Conditions2015CSFI
@vermeulen2015Financial Stress Indices and Financial Crises2015
@adams2016The relationship between financial strain, perceived stress, psychological symptoms, and academic and social integration in undergraduate students2016cross-sectionalUSA157undergraduate students, adultsFSESM, PSS, ICCEMS, BSI
@dunn2016CONSUMER DEBT STRESS, CHANGES IN HOUSEHOLD DEBT, AND THE GREAT RECESSION2016retrospective cohortUSA19936adultsDSS
@lazarevic2016Relations Between Economic Well-Being, Family Support, Community Attachment, and Life Satisfaction Among LGBQ Adults2016cross-sectionalUSA332adults, LGBTMinority stress theory, Stress process theory
@sinclair2016Money Matters: Recommendations for Financial Stress Research in Occupational Health Psychology2016theoretical discussionChinaprimary studiesStress-strain-outcome theory, Cognitive-transactional stress theory
@sturgeon2016The Psychosocial Context of Financial Stress: Implications for Inflammation and Psychological Health2016cross-sectionalUSA680adultsPERI, SF-36, WHO-5, PANAS, MHI
@wilkinson2016Financial Strain and Mental Health Among Older Adults During the Great Recession2016retrospective cohortUSA5366adultsCumulative inequality theoryBAI, CES-D
@duprey2017Dating systemic financial stress episodes in the EU countries2017EU
@evgenidis2017Asymmetric effects of the international transmission of US financial stress. A threshold-VAR approach2017EUFinancial Accelerator Theory
@mejiacordova2017Relación entre Estrés Financiero y el Bienestar de los Empleados2017cross-sectionalMexico183adults, employedDouble ABCX theory
@park2017Financial Hardship, Social Support, and Perceived Stress2017cross-sectionalUSA700adultsSimple ABCX theory
@prentice2017How financial strain affects health: Evidence from the Dutch National Bank Household Survey2017retrospective cohortNetherlands43226households, adultsCFC
@taylor2017The Impacts of Household Financial Stress, Resilience, Social Support, and Other Adversities on the Psychological Distress of Western Sydney Parents2017cross-sectionalAustralia439caregivers, householdsSCI, K10, CDRISC2, PSSS, SDQ
@carr2018Suicidality among gambling helpline callers: A consideration of the role of financial stress and conflict2018cross-sectionalUSA202adults, gamblers
@oksanen2018Problem gambling and psychological distress: a cross-national perspective on the mediating effect of consumer debt and debt problems among emerging adults2018cross-sectionalFinland, USA2073adults, gamblersSOGS, GHQ-12
@tran2018Financial Stress, Social Supports, Gender, and Anxiety During College: A Stress-Buffering Perspective2018cross-sectionalUSA304adults, undergraduate studentsCognitive-transactional stress theory, Stress process theoryGAD7, KSS, FAS-CV
@assari2019Race, Depression, and Financial Distress in a Nationally Representative Sample of American Adults2019cross-sectionalUSA4461adults, African americansFundamental cause theoryCIDI
@baker2019Student Loan Debt and Financial Stress: Implications for Academic Performance2019cross-sectionalUSA299
@breunig2019Financial Stress and Indigenous Australians2019cross-sectionalAustralia5117adults, indigenous, couples
@falconier2019Initial validation of the dyadic coping inventory for financial stress.2019cross-sectionalUSA132couples, adultsSystemic‐transactional theory, Cognitive-transactional stress theoryDCIFS, DAS, CTS‐R
@hamilton2019Debt stress, psychological distress and overall health among adults in Ontario2019cross-sectionalCanada8045adultsK6
@mahdzan2019Determinants of Subjective Financial Well-Being Across Three Different Household Income Groups in Malaysia2019cross-sectionalMalaysia1867adults, householdsSFWBS, PASTINDX
@monin2019The OFR Financial Stress Index2019
@tucker-seeley2019Material–Psychosocial–Behavioral Aspects of Financial Hardship: A Conceptual Model for Cancer Prevention2019theoretical discussion
@choi2020The links between job insecurity, financial well‐being and financial stress: A moderated mediation model2020cross-sectionalUSA1145adultsSimple ABCX theoryFWBS, APRFSS
@debruijn2020Determinants of financial worry and rumination2020cross-sectionalNetherlands1040householdsFWR
@digiacomo2020Financial stress experienced by informal carers of adults with a chronic disease: Results from an Australian population‐based cross‐sectional survey2020cross-sectionalUSA988households, caregiversABSFSS
@frankham2020Psychological factors associated with financial hardship and mental health: A systematic review2020systematic review44primary studiesStress buffer theory, Stress process theory
@heo2020APR Financial Stress Scale: Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Measurement2020cross-sectionalUSA688adultsCognitive-transactional stress theoryFAS-CV, APRFSS, PANAS
@ilesanmi2020Financial Stress Index and Economic Activity in South Africa: New Evidence2020South Africa
@kosminsky2020Financial stress and pain, what follows an economic crisis? Integrative review2020systematic reviewUSA, Germany, Singapore, Japan, Greece9primary studies
@sharif2020Psychometric Evaluation of the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity Scale Among Iranian Cancer Patients2020cross-sectionalIran398adults, cancerCOST
@swanton2020Debt stress partly explains the relationship between problem gambling and comorbid mental health problems2020cross-sectionalAustralia309adults, gamblersK6, DASS-21, PWI, PG-FIM, DSS
@weissman2020Sociodemographic Characteristics, Financial Worries and Serious Psychological Distress in U.S. Adults2020cross-sectionalUSA24126adultsK6
@artazcoz2021Financial Strain and Health Status Among European Workers: Gender and Welfare State Inequalities2021cross-sectionalAustria, Belgium, Germany, France, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Ireland, United Kingdom, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Slovakia, Cyprus, Greece, Spain, Italy, Malta, Portugal, Denmark, Finland, Sweden26381adultsWHO-5
@friedline2021Families’ Financial Stress & Well-Being: The Importance of the Economy and Economic Environments2021theoretical discussionUSA23primary studies
@kremer2021Measuring Systemic Financial Stress and its Impact on the Macroeconomy2021USA, EU
@lindberg2021Financial Stress and Subjective Wellbeing among Children -Evidence from Finland2021cross-sectionalFinland3254childrenRCA
@lopezalvarado2021Factors Associated With Financial Stressors, Financial Stress, and Financial Behaviors2021cross-sectionalUSA5252adultsSimple ABCX theory
@marshall2021The price of mental well-being in later life: the role of financial hardship and debt2021cross-sectionalUSA13393adultsCES-D, BAI
@muggleton2021The association between gambling and financial, social and health outcomes in big financial data2021retrospective cohortUnited Kingdom6616708adults, gamblers
@mundra2021Evaluating financial stress indicators: evidence from Indian data2021IndiaReal Option Theory
@rahman2021The role of financial behaviour, financial literacy, and financial stress in explaining the financial well-being of B40 group in Malaysia2021cross-sectionalMalaysia412adultsPASTINDX
@tito-betancur2021Escala de estrés financiero (EFEmp-Cov19): Evidencias iniciales de validez y confiabilidad en pequeños y medianos empresarios peruanos2021cross-sectionalPeru278adults, enterpreneursEEF
@vieira2021Loss of financial well-being in the COVID-19 pandemic: Does job stability make a difference?2021cross-sectionalBrazil1222employed, adultsFAS-CV
@viseu2021Coping and social support as moderators: Relationship between financial threat and negative psychological outcomes2021cross-sectionalPortugal729adultsProactive Coping Theory, Cognitive-transactional stress theoryFTS, DASS-21, PCI, IPES
@wickrama2021Midlife Marital and Financial Stress and the Progression of Later-Life Health Problems for Husbands and Wives2021USA508adults, couples, elderlySimple ABCX theory, Family systems theorySCL-90-R
@drummo2022Comparison of two validated instruments to measure financial hardship in cancer survivors: comprehensive score for financial toxicity (COST) versus personal financial wellness (PFW) scale.2022cross-sectionalUSA116adults, cancerCOST, IFDFW
@fan2022A Structural Determinants Framework for Financial Well-Being2022cross-sectionalUSA16725adults
@guan2022Financial stress and depression in adults: A systematic review2022systematic reviewInternational40primary studiesSocial causation theory, Psychological stress theory, , Social selection theory
@koomson2022Gambling and Financial Stress2022retrospective cohortAustralia30728adults, gamblers, householdsPGSI, ABSFSS
@loibl2022The role of consumer and mortgage debt for financial stress2022retrospective cohortUSA10074adults, elderlyStress process theory, Strength and vulnerability integration theory
@mansor2022Analysing the Predictors of Financial Stress and Financial Well-Being among the Bottom 40 Percent (B40) Households in Malaysia.2022cross-sectionalMalaysia1088adults
@neves2022Credit, output and financial stress: A non‐linear LVSTAR application to Brazil2022Brazil
@ozyuksel2022Financial Stress Relationship with Work Life and Financial Well-Being2022cross-sectionalTurkey283adultsCognitive-transactional stress theoryIFDFW, GAD-7, BRS, WPS
@phillips2022Household Financial Stress and Financial Wellbeing in Australia2022cross-sectionalAustraliahouseholds, adultsABSFSS
@vandijk2022The Psychological Inventory of Financial Scarcity (PIFS): A psychometric evaluation2022cross-sectionalNetherlands12249enterpreneurs, undergraduate students, adultsScarcity theory, Cognitive-transactional stress theoryAEFI, IPIP, PIFS
@xiao2022The Able Worry More? Debt Delinquency, Financial Capability, and Financial Stress2022cross-sectionalUSA19816adultsCognitive-transactional stress theory, Life-cycle theory of saving
@alhomsi2023Financial Hardship and Psychological Distress During the Pandemic: A Nationally Representative Survey of Major Racial-Ethnic Groups in the United States2023cross-sectionalUSA5500adultsAllostatic load theoryPHQ-4, PSS
@chavleishvili2023Measuring Systemic Financial Stress and its Risks for Growth2023USA, EUModern Portfolio Theory
@ryu2023The Relationship Between Financial Worries and Psychological Distress Among U.S. Adults2023cross-sectionalUSA22682adultsStress process theory, Cognitive-transactional stress theoryK6
@sergeyev2023The Economics of Financial Stress2023cross-sectionalUSA10000adults, households
@sorgente2023Are Financial Well-Being and Financial Stress the Same Construct? Insights from an Intensive Longitudinal Study2023prospective cohortItaly158adultsProspect Theory
@surachman2023The association between material-psychological-behavioral framework of financial hardship and markers of inflammation: a cross-sectional study of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher cohort2023cross-sectionalUSA3106adultsFHS
@tito-betancur2023Adaptation and validation of the financial stress scale in social conflict contexts: a study conducted with small and medium-sized Peruvian entrepreneurs2023cross-sectionalPeru2242adults, enterpreneursCognitive-transactional stress theoryESECPS
@amonhaemanon2024Financial stress and gambling motivation: the importance of financial literacy2024cross-sectionalThailand741adults, gamblersProspect Theory
@bonato2024Financial stress and realized volatility: The case of agricultural commodities2024USAHeterogeneous Market Hypothesis
@danahy2024Financial stress among college students: New data about student loan debt, lack of emergency savings, social and personal resources2024cross-sectionalUSA25310adults, undergraduate studentsStress process theory
@fava2024Forecasting international financial stress: The role of climate risks2024Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom, USARare Disasters Theory, Modern Portfolio Theory
@ploszaj2024Stress or Education: The Relationship Between Financial Literacy and Financial Stress2024retrospective cohortAustralia10060adults, householdsLife-cycle theory of savingABSFSS
@rosso2024Do managers need to worry about employees’ financial stress? A review of two decades of research2024systematic review136primary studiesCognitive-transactional stress theory, Stress process theory
@simonse2024Economic predictors of the subjective experience of financial stress2024cross-sectionalNetherlands1114adultsCognitive-transactional stress theoryPIFS
@spoelma2024Financial stress and leadership behavior: The role of leader gender.2024cross-sectional320adults, employed, enterpreneursSocial role theory, Tend-and-befriend theoryPCS, ASS
@warren2024Financial Health Pulse 2024: U.S. Trends Report on Diverging Financial Health Indicators2024prospective cohortUSA7245adults, households
@wei2024The Relationship Between Financial Stress and Job Performance in China: The Role of Work Engagement and Emotional Exhaustion2024cross-sectionalChina309adults, employedJob demands-resources theoryJPS, WES, MBI-GS
@andriansyah2025Financial Stress Studies: What Can We Learn From the Latest Trends? SDG Improvement Effort2025systematic review160primary studies
@chavleishvili2025CISS of death: measuring financial crises in real time2025USA, EU
@fpcanada2025Financial Stress Index 20252025prospective cohortCanada2010households, adults
@hernandez-perez2025Uncovering the factors of financial well-being: the role of self-control, self-efficacy, and financial hardship2025cross-sectionalSpain8554adultsSelf-efficacy theory, Self-regulation theory, Behavioral life-cycle hypothesis
@jackson2025Paying the price: Financial hardship and its association with psychological distress among different population groups in the midst of Great Britain’s cost-of-living crisis2025cross-sectionalEngland7027adultsK6, AUDIT-C
@jeworrek2025Inflation concerns and financial stress2025cross-sectionalGermany1818adults
@kaastra2025Financial Health Indicator: Understanding the impact of our offerings on the financial health of our customers in The Netherlands2025prospective cohortNetherlandsadults
@kareholt2025Midlife financial stress and cognitive and physical impairments in older age: The role of potentially modifying factors2025cross-sectionalSweden829adults, elderly
@rooj2025The impact of financial stress on consumer confidence: evidence from survey data2025IndiaProspect Theory
@samuel2025Financial strain measures and associations with adult health: A systematic literature review2025systematic reviewUSA316primary studies
@sisay2025Assessment of Financial Literacy and Financial Stress on Online Problematic Gambling Behaviour: In case of Jimma Town, South Western Ethiopia2025cross-sectionalEthiopia385adults, gamblersPGSI